Vitamin D Benefits : 22 Uncertain Relationship Between Deficiency and Obesity

Vitamin D Benefits Uncertain Relationship Between Deficiency and Obesity

Uncertain Relationship Between Vitamin D Deficiency and Obesity

Madrid — Studies have looked at the relationship between vitamin D levels and the likelihood of being overweight or obese. Even though there is currently insufficient data to draw firm conclusions, a number of current discussions are laying the groundwork for further investigation.

 

In a talk titled “Vitamin D Deficiency and Obesity: Cause or Consequence?,” Irene Bretón, MD, PhD, addressed these arguments at the 64th Congress of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN). Bretón is the president of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition Foundation.

 

“A lack of vitamin D can result from a variety of factors. There is wide variation in the percentage that can be ascribed to solar radiation.

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While some studies estimate it to be 80%, others suggest smaller numbers. Low vitamin D levels (which are not always at the level of deficiency) or vitamin D deficiency have also been linked to a number of diseases. However, there is still a great deal we don’t know about these correlations “said the speaker.

Bretón noted that a large number of these studies do not include testing for parathyroid hormones. “Since serum levels can be deceiving, I believe it is more appropriate to talk about the nutritional status of vitamin D. It would be intriguing to concentrate more on the metabolism of vitamin D rather than just plasma levels.”

Insufficiency of Vitamins

In response to the question of whether low vitamin D levels may be linked to obesity and its complications, Bretón cited the profile of this vitamin globally and drew attention to the fact that no population with relatively adequate levels of this vitamin is included in any of the studies on the subject.

Vitamin D Benefits

This demonstrates how common vitamin D deficiency is throughout the world. Approximately 50% of people are affected by it, and it has been discussed in allage groups, and impacts both sexes, especially older adults and women going through menopause and pregnancy,” Bretón stated.

 

She also provided statistics to support this claim: 37% have levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D less than 20 ng/mL, 7% have levels less than 10 ng/mL, and 88% have levels less than 30 ng/mL.

We’ve started to wonder if these percentages have anything to do with the current obesity pandemic. Low plasma levels have been linked to indicators of obesity and adiposity in human studies.

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It is well known that obesity lowers free 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels, and that individuals with the condition respond less well to vitamin D deficiency treatments,” the spokesperson stated.

Breton clarified that observational studies have typically found a link between overweight and obesity and lower plasma levels of vitamin D. This finding pertains to the impact in “the opposite direction,” or whether obesity affects the nutritional status of vitamin D.

 

“These studies’ data indicate that there is a 1.15% decrease in 25-hydroxyvitamin D for every kg/m2 increase in [body mass index (BMI)]. These Additionally, research indicates that compared to people of normal weight, patients with obesity and overweight have a 35% and 24% higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, respectively.

 

According to Breton, there is a connection between body fat percentage and vitamin D deficiency in both men and women of all ages.

Vitamin D Benefits

Breton observed that type 2 diabetes, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, cancer (colon, breast, prostate, and ovarian), inflammatory liver disease, asthma, and inflammatory diseases are the conditions most closely linked to obesity.

Mechanisms at Play

Breton went over the most recent data regarding the mechanisms underlying the link between vitamin D deficiency and obesity.

“Those who are obese may spend more time indoors or cover up more of their body when they are outside, but the impact of less sun exposure on vitamin D levels is well-established.

Research examining the response of radiation-exposed subjects’ plasma levels of vitamin D has revealed that the effect is inversely correlated with obesity and is less pronounced in those individuals.

BMI: When exposed to solar radiation, vitamin D levels rise less when the BMI is higher.”
Sequestration in adipose tissue, the body’s largest store of vitamin D, is another mechanism.

Vitamin D Benefits

However, little is known about elements like the amount of vitamin D present in this tissue, how local metabolism is regulated, and how vitamins are absorbed and released. Therefore, it is unclear if plasma levels are regulated by this mechanism.

“This is why severe vitamin D deficiencies (and deficiencies of other fat-soluble vitamins) that occur after bariatric surgery are often not seen in the first year after surgery but develop much later, when the vitamin that has accumulated in adipose tissue is released as weight is lost,” Bretón explained.

 

However, the variability of plasma may be explained by the volumetric dilution in blood that occurs in relation to total body fat content. levels and the way the treatment is working. There have been descriptions of predictive equations,” she said.

Vitamin D Benefits

The Stage Before Birth

Bretón stated that early life, when adipogenesis and fetal programming are taking place, is the ideal time to research the effects of vitamin D and prevent obesity in the future.

Research on animals has demonstrated how alterations in adipogenesis and the programming of adipose reserves result from maternal vitamin D deficiency (caused by nongenetic or nonepigenetic mechanisms).

Not just adipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation in utero, but all these mechanisms are programmed differently in a low-vitamin D fetal or perinatal environment,” the speaker continued.

Numerous mechanisms pertaining to vitamin D deficiency’s role in obesity are presently under investigation in the context of pregnancy. One such mechanism involves the interaction of 1 alpha-hydroxylase, which is found in adipose tissue and aids in modulating lipid metabolism, with the vitamin D receptor.

Vitamin D Benefits

“The early phases of adipocyte differentiation are when the vitamin D receptor is most expressed; however, as the differentiation process progresses, its expression decreases. Vitamin D receptor Knockout mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity and have a slender phenotype. Along with a high-fat diet, they also lose fat as they age,” Bretón added.

But in these formative years, vitamin D also affects the synthesis of inflammatory adipokines. More precisely, it is essential for controlling the inflammatory response in fat tissue.

 

NF-kappa B and MAPK signaling pathways appear to be inhibited in order to produce these anti-inflammatory effects. All of this indicates that vitamin D affects adipogenesis and the functions of adipose tissue,” she continued.

Loss of Weight

Regarding the relationship between vitamin D and obesity in relation to weight loss, Bretón clarified that research in this field indicates that weight loss alone may not be enough to raise serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. The most important factors affecting this vitamin’s nutritional status are either increased dietary intake or increased synthesis by the skin.

Vitamin D Benefits

“AA recent systematic review that examined the connection between vitamin D levels and weight loss through exercise and calorie restriction found a small but significant effect: losing weight raises vitamin D levels. Other meta-analyses, she noted, have not produced any noteworthy findings in this field.

These outcomes, in my opinion, are contingent upon the duration of the intervention. Vitamin D is released into the adipose tissue when a large amount of weight is lost quickly, a process that has no discernible effect on the vitamin’s nutritional status.

Vitamin D Benefits

This relationship’s effect is typically negligible (1.5 ng/mL) and has minimal clinical significance. Furthermore, a number of systematic reviews that examined this relationship after bariatric surgery also produced conflicting findings, Bretón continued.

How do therapies help to remedy a vitamin D deficiency? According to Bretón, research on the effects of fortified foods on obesity indicates that while these foods don’t significantly alter weight, they do have an impact on waist circumference and fat mass.

 

ThisResearch points to the possibility that fortified foods influence adiposity more than weight.

 

“It is important to consider the environment and context in which the research was conducted (children or adults, baseline vitamin D levels, etc.) in order to appropriately evaluate all of this data.

Vitamin D Benefits

The outcomes of directly supplementing fortified foods with cholecalciferol are highly variable. As a result, we are unable to claim that vitamin D therapy can lower body weight and obesity,” the speaker stated.

Studies on vitamin D supplementation, cancer, and cardiovascular disease found no evidence of any protective effect against the pathologies associated with obesity-related complications.

It is well recognized that patients with obesity achieve lower levels of vitamin D supplementation than patients with normal weights. “Compared with other interventions, however, these levels (15.27 ng/mL) are clinically relevant,” she stated.

 

Prospective Courses

Bretón clarified that a number of discussions have been raised by the evidence, addressing the relationship between vitamin D levels and obesity.

Vitamin D Benefits

For instance, it seems that low vitamin D levels—which are not always indicative of a deficiency—may be predicted by obesity. Thus, obesity may result from these low levels, particularly when adipocyte physiology is being programmed during embryonic development.”

 

Breton observes a number of confounding factors that will require further explanation. “One reason is that we don’t know if the patient we’re seeing has a vitamin D deficiency or if other variables, such as the length of time since weight loss, the method used in the lab to measure vitamin D, the patient’s nutritional status, the location of the test, the season, etc., are at play.

Vitamin D Benefits

In addition, you need to evaluate other obesity-related factors, such as the method used to measure adiposity and whether or not BMI accurately represents that adiposity.”

Finally, the specialist discussed the significant ongoing studies that are predicated on data linking vitamin D deficiency to insulin resistance.

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To find out how the status of this vitamin affects the renin-angiotensin system, apoptosis, and cardiovascular risk, research is being done on pancreatic function, the role of vitamin D levels in ovarian physiology related to insulin resistance (specifically, the role of hyperandrogenism), adipose tissue (vitamin D receptor expression, volumetric dilution), and other components of metabolic syndrome.

 

Additionally, a lot of research is being done on metabolic liver disease, which is closely related to the microbiota. Thus, they are researching the connection between dysbiosis and vitamin D, particularly as it relates to the microbiota and local immunomodulation in the gut,” she continued.

Vitamin D Benefits

An additional field of study iscancer, with an emphasis on examining how vitamin D’s nutritional state relates to the microbiome and how it might impact how well chemotherapy and radiation therapy work as treatments. “It would be interesting to find out whether the effect of immunotherapy varies depending on the patient’s vitamin D status,” Bretón said.

Foundation for Analysis and Social Studies (FAES) sponsored Bretón’s talk at the 64th Congress of the SEEN.

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